1. 1.1 TCP Three-Way Handshakehistorical

    What the TCP three-way handshake is, how it works, why three handshakes are needed, and SYN Flood.

  2. 1.2 TCP Four-Way Handshakehistorical

    What the TCP four-way connection termination is, how it works, why four handshakes are needed, and TIME_WAIT/CLOSE_WAIT states.

  3. 1.3 TCP Flow Controlhistorical

    What TCP flow control is and how the sliding window controls the sender's sending rate.

  4. 1.4 TCPhistorical

    What TCP is, why it is needed, its connection-oriented, reliable, byte-stream characteristics, message format, and comparison with UDP.

  5. 1.5 TCP KeepAlivehistorical

    English translation of the original VNote “TCP KeepAlive”, preserving its original structure and comparison with application-level heartbeats.

  6. 1.6 TCP CLOSE_WAIThistorical

    What CLOSE_WAIT means, why it is a local application state after receiving FIN, and how persistent CLOSE_WAIT growth points to socket-lifecycle bugs.

  7. 1.7 TCP Congestion Controlhistorical

    What TCP congestion control is, why it is needed, and the slow start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmit, and fast recovery algorithms.

  8. 2.1 HTTP Versionshistorical

    HTTP/1.0 short connections and statelessness, HTTP/1.1 persistent connections and pipelining, and HTTP/2 binary framing and header compression.

  9. 2.2 WebSockethistorical

    What WebSocket is, why it is needed, its role, its relationship with HTTP, and the WebSocket frame format.

  10. 2.3 HTTP Status Codeshistorical

    English translation of the original VNote “HTTP Status Codes”, preserving the original list of status codes and explanations.

  11. 3.1 CDNhistorical

    English translation of the original VNote “CDN”, preserving its structure and examples.

  12. 3.2 DNShistorical

    What DNS is, why it is needed, the DNS resolution process, DNS hijacking, and intelligent DNS resolution.

  13. 1.8 TCP TIME_WAIThistorical

    Historical notes on TCP TIME_WAIT, why it exists, why it lasts 2MSL, and the high-concurrency short-connection problem.

  14. 1.9 UDPhistorical

    What UDP is and its connectionless, unreliable, message-oriented characteristics.

  15. 1.10 Transport Layerhistorical

    Transport-layer overview linking the original TCP and UDP notes.

  16. 2.4 Fiddlerhistorical

    Historical notes on Fiddler, its interface, HTTPS/proxy settings, filters, and Android packet capture.

  17. 2.5 HTTP KeepAlivehistorical

    Historical notes on HTTP KeepAlive, TCP connection reuse, and the difference from TCP keepalive.

  18. 2.6 HTTPhistorical

    Historical HTTP overview covering messages, URLs, methods, status codes, versions, caching, cross-origin access, push, cookies, HTTPS, RESTful, and Fiddler.

  19. 2.7 HTTPShistorical

    Historical notes on HTTPS, its simplified handshake model, encryption, certificates, and packet capture.

  20. 2.8 HTTP Methodshistorical

    Historical notes on HTTP methods and properties such as safety, idempotency, and cacheability.

  21. 2.9 HTTP Cachehistorical

    Historical notes on browser HTTP caching, strong cache, negotiated cache, Expires, Cache-Control, Last-Modified, and ETag.

  22. 2.10 HTTP Timeouthistorical

    A short historical note on HTTP connection, read, and write timeouts.

  23. 2.11 RESTfulhistorical

    Historical notes on RESTful architecture, resources, representations, state transfer, and perceived limitations.

  24. 2.12 URL Encodinghistorical

    A short historical note on why URL encoding is needed and how URLs are encoded.

  25. 2.13 Cookie and Sessionhistorical

    Historical notes on the cookie/session mechanism and a simple comparison.

  26. 2.14 What Happens After Entering a URL in the Browserhistorical

    Historical notes on the sequence of events after entering a URL in a browser.

  27. 2.15 Browser Same-Origin Policy and Cross-Origin Accesshistorical

    Historical notes on the browser same-origin policy, cross-origin restrictions, and CORS.

  28. 4.1 Application Layerhistorical

    Application-layer overview linking the original HTTP and DNS notes.

  29. 5.1 Network Layerhistorical

    Network-layer overview linking the original IP, NAT, ICMP, and ARP notes.

  30. 5.2 ARPhistorical

    Historical notes on ARP, address resolution, common cases, ARP attacks, and virtual IP.

  31. 5.3 ICMPhistorical

    Historical notes on ICMP, its purpose, message types, Ping, and Traceroute.

  32. 5.4 IP Protocolhistorical

    Historical notes on the IP protocol, packet format, and IP fragmentation.

  33. 5.5 NAThistorical

    Historical notes on NAT and why private/public address translation is used.

  34. 6.1 Data Link Layerhistorical

    Historical notes on data-link-layer devices, MTU, and path MTU.

  35. 7.1 Computer Networkhistorical

    Historical overview of OSI, TCP/IP layers, representative protocols, and the network transmission flow.